What Everyone Should Know About World War I

What Everyone Should Know About World War I World War I was an extremely bloody war that engulfed Europe from 1914 to 1919, with huge losses of life and little ground lost or won. Fought mostly by soldiers in trenches, World War I saw an estimated 10 million military deaths and another 20 million wounded. While many hoped that World War I would be the war to end all wars, in actuality, the concluding peace treaty set the stage for World War II. Dates: 1914-1919 Also Known As: The Great War, WWI, the First World War The Start of World War I The spark that started World War I was the assassination of Austrias Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. The assassination occurred on June 28, 1914, while Ferdinand was visiting the city of Sarajevo in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Although Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the nephew of Austrias emperor and heir-apparent to the throne, was not very well liked by most, his assassination by a Serb nationalist was viewed as a great excuse to attack Austria-Hungarys troublesome neighbor, Serbia. However, instead of reacting quickly to the incident, Austria-Hungary made sure they had the backing of Germany, with whom they had a treaty before they proceeded. This gave Serbia time to get the backing of Russia, with whom they had a treaty. The calls for back-up didnt end there. Russia also had a treaty with France and Britain. This meant that by the time Austria-Hungary officially declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, an entire month after the assassination, much of Europe had already become entangled in the dispute. At the start of the war, these were the major players (more countries joined the war later): Allied Forces (a.k.a. the Allies): France, the United Kingdom, RussiaCentral Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary Schlieffen Plan vs. Plan XVII Germany didnt want to fight both Russia in the east and France to the west, so they enacted their long-standing Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan was created by Alfred Graf von Schlieffen, who was the chief of the German general staff from 1891 to 1905. Schlieffen believed that it would take about six weeks for Russia to mobilize their troops and supplies. So, if Germany placed a nominal number of soldiers in the east, the majority of Germanys soldiers and supplies could be used for a quick attack in the west. Since Germany was facing this exact scenario of a two-front war at the beginning of World War I, Germany decided to enact the Schlieffen Plan. While Russia continued to mobilize, Germany decided to attack France by going through neutral Belgium. Since Britain had a treaty with Belgium, the attack on Belgium officially brought Britain into the war. While Germany was enacting its Schlieffen Plan, the French enacted their own prepared plan, called Plan XVII. This plan was created in 1913 and called for quick mobilization in response to a German attack through Belgium. As German troops moved south into France, French and British troops tried to stop them. At the end of the First Battle of the Marne, fought just north of Paris in September 1914, a stalemate was reached. The Germans, who had lost the battle, had made a hasty retreat and then dug in. The French, who couldnt dislodge the Germans, also dug in. Since neither side could force the other to move, each sides trenches became increasingly elaborate. For the next four years, the troops would fight from these trenches. A War of Attrition From 1914 to 1917, soldiers on each side of the line fought from their trenches. They fired artillery onto the enemys position and lobbed grenades. However, each time military leaders ordered a full-fledged attack, the soldiers were forced to leave the safety of their trenches. The only way to overtake the other sides trench was for the soldiers to cross No Mans Land, the area between the trenches, on foot. Out in the open, thousands of soldiers raced across this barren land in the hopes of reaching the other side. Often, most were hewn down by machine-gun fire and artillery before they even got close. Because of the nature of trench warfare, millions of young men were slaughtered in the battles of World War I. The war quickly became one of attrition, which meant that with so many soldiers being killed daily, eventually, the side with the most men would win the war. By 1917, the Allies were starting to run low on young men. The U.S. Enters the War and Russia Gets Out The Allies needed help and they were hoping that the United States, with its vast resources of men and materials, would join on their side. However, for years, the U.S. had clung to their idea of isolationism (staying out of other countries problems). Plus, the U.S. just didnt want to be involved in a war that seemed so far away and that didnt seem to affect them in any great way. However, there were two major events that changed American public opinion about the war. The first occurred in 1915 when a German U-boat (submarine) sunk the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania. Considered by Americans to be a neutral ship that carried mostly passengers, Americans were furious when the Germans sank it, especially since 159 of the passengers were Americans. The second was the Zimmermann Telegram. In early 1917, Germany sent Mexico a coded message promising portions of U.S. land in return for Mexico joining World War I against the United States. The message was intercepted by Britain, translated, and shown to the United States. This brought the war to U.S. soil, giving the U.S. a real reason to enter the war on the side of the Allies. On April 6, 1917, the United States officially declared war on Germany. The Russians Opt Out As the United States was entering World War I, Russia was getting ready to get out. In 1917, Russia became swept up in an internal revolution that removed the czar from power. The new communist government, wanting to focus on internal troubles, sought a way to remove Russia from World War I. Negotiating separately from the rest of the Allies, Russia signed the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty with Germany on March 3, 1918. With the war in the east ended, Germany was able to divert those troops to the west in order to face the new American soldiers. Armistice and the Versailles Treaty The fighting in the west continued for another year. Millions more soldiers died, while little land was gained. However, the freshness of the American troops made a huge difference. While the European troops were tired from years of war, the Americans remained enthusiastic. Soon the Germans were retreating and the Allies were advancing. The end of the war was near. At the end of 1918, an armistice was finally agreed upon. The fighting was to end on the 11th hour of 11th day of the 11th month (i.e. 11 am on Nov. 11, 1918). For the next several months, diplomats argued and compromised together in order to come up with the Versailles Treaty. The Versailles Treaty was the peace treaty that ended World War I; however, a number of its terms were so controversial that it also set the stage for World War II. The carnage left behind by the end of World War I was staggering. By the end of the war, an estimated 10 million soldiers were killed. That averages to about 6,500 deaths a day, every day. Plus, millions of civilians were also killed. World War I is especially remembered for its slaughter for it was one of the bloodiest wars in history.

How to become a kindergarten teacher

How to become a kindergarten teacher As far as teaching careers go, the idea of being a kindergarten teacher seems very appealing. The students are young, not yet subject to the social pressures of middle and high school, and eager to learn about the world. Maybe you see yourself singing songs and helping kids take those tentative first steps on their educational road. But while the job does include those things, the idealized vision of singing about ABCs isn’t the whole picture. Kindergarten teachers are educators first and foremost, and have the daunting task of making sure that many students’ first formal classroom helps set them up for a good education later on. What does a kindergarten teacher do?Because of the basic nature of what early elementary school educators teach, there can be misconceptions about how â€Å"easy† it is to be a kindergarten teacher. Sure, they typically don’t teach advanced calculus, but they do need to be able to teach in a variety of subject areas, while balanci ng young students’ complex needs for social and interpersonal development. A kindergarten teacher’s duties may include:Teaching lessons and basic academic skills across different disciplines (reading, writing, math, science, etc.)Managing classroom behaviorPlanning lessons and curriculumDeveloping educational play activitiesKindergarten teachers can be found in any elementary-level school, including public schools, private schools, or magnet schools. The school week is typically a straightforward number of daytime hours, but the job may also require additional time spent in the mornings, evenings, and off-hours to prepare for school, participate in professional development, or oversee extracurricular activities/school programs. Depending on how the school is structured, kindergarten teachers may have one main class per year, or two (morning and afternoon sessions).What skills do kindergarten teachers need?First and foremost, kindergarten teachers need to have a balance between educational skills and people skills, given that their students may have yet to master a number of life skills and may have a broad variety of needs and skill levels. Here are some of the core skills you’ll need as a kindergarten teacher:Teaching Skills:  For many students, the kindergarten classroom may be the first place they’ll encounter formal lessons on reading, writing, etc. A kindergarten teacher needs to be able to teach the basic building blocks for students with different skills and abilities.Kid-Friendliness:  If you don’t like kids, then spending all day, every day handling the needs of 5–7 year olds just may not be the right teaching career for you. The job definitely requires a good measure of patience and enthusiasm for working with young kids- and all their quirks.Creativity:  Kindergarten is special because it mixes in play and hands-on activities before students start to move on to more formal classes in later grades. A ki ndergarten teacher should have a flair for coming up with fun, creative ways to use educational concepts in the classroom.Organizational Skills:  Kids can bring chaos, especially in large groups. The adult in the room should not also bring chaos. Organizational skills are a cornerstone of any teaching profession, and being able to organize and efficiently manage a classroom full of little kids is an immensely useful skill unto itself.What do you need to become a kindergarten teacher?Unlike preschool teachers, who may not need a four-year degree, becoming a kindergarten teacher typically requires a four-year degree in early childhood education. Many teachers also go on to receive a master’s degree as well. Public school kindergarten teachers are required to be licensed, but this step is not necessarily required for private school teachers. You should consult with your state’s licensing policies, as well as those of your target school/district to see what the specific requirements are.How much do kindergarten teachers get paid?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for kindergarten teachers is $55,490. This can vary depending on the teacher’s experience and the type of school.What’s the outlook for kindergarten teachers?This is a field that will continue to grow (or at least maintain) given that kids are a continually replenishing natural resource and will always need quality teachers to guide them through those early educational steps. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the demand for kindergarten teachers will grow by about 6% through 2024.

Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemistry - Essay Example In this conformation there is no steric strain and no torsional strain. Due to the migration of electrons towards the more electronegative nucleus in a bond between two different elements the molecules become polarized. In larger molecules a number of poles form and this causes some parts of the molecule to attract and some to repel each other. In the butane molecule both ends of the molecule are rotating around the C-C bond and take different configurations (these are constantly changing. Steric strain is caused by the crowding together of groups – as explained above the groups are forced to approach each other till they touch, but because of their similar polarity they are under forces of repulsion also. This leads to the molecule possessing extra potential energy, this energy is called steric strain. a. In 1870, Markonikov laid down a basic principle of chemistry that holds till today. The Markonikov Rule states that when a hydrogen halide (Hydrochloric acid, HCl being an example) reacts with an asymmetrically substituted alkene the hydrogen attaches itself to the carbon atom that has the larger number of its hydrogen atoms substituted. The halogen automatically attaches itself to the carbon atom having the least number of its hydrogens substituted. An example of such an addition reaction: b. Enantiomers are two molecules of the same chemical that are the mirror image of each other, like our hands, they are similar but yet not the same and can not be superimposed on each other. Such molecules are called Enantiomers. They are not isomers and are not different from each other in any way except in their configuration. c. An Emperical formula gives the proportion of the constituent elements in the molecule but does not give the exact composition of the molecule. The empirical formula represents the mole fraction/ ratio of each element in the compound. For example the empirical formula may show that there is hydrogen and

MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

MRI - Essay Example Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces detailed images of the body’s internal organs and problems associated with the organs. It is procedure that has typically no side effects and cast images with no fear of pain. The process uses magnetised radio radiations and draws the images when the waves reflect back to the scanner. It is different from the CT scan or CAT scan. An MRI scanner is composed of two donut shaped tubes that are joined by a hollow tunnel that holds a person. The donut shaped tubes produce powerful magnetized radiation. A sliding table holds patients and it slides into the tunnel of the scanner. However, some MRI centres have MRI scanner with larger openings to hold patients that are suffering from claustrophobia. Most hospitals now have MRI scanners; while dedicated MRI centres are also opened for the ease of patients. The MRI scanner generates powerful magnetic waves that interact with the atoms of the patient’s body. During interaction the magnetic waves makes the atoms of body to be in particular pattern. The pattern is observed by the powerful antenna and sent to the computed that draws an image with respect to the observed pattern. Computer converted image both in 2d and 3d formats. The results are viewed by the physician to diagnose the problem. Kindly bring other examination reports like X-ray, Ultra sound, CT scans, Nuclear Medicine Scans or previous MRI scan reports along with you, if you can. This may help the physician to make comparison between the reports. Kindly do not let your child to wear any type of metallic jewellery like chins, hair clips or rings as metals may disrupt the magnetic resonance waves. Check you child carefully before the examination begins. If the child’s physician recommends using dye to clarify the results, be sure that child’s takes nothing by mouth (NBM) several

Headhunters in Personnel Staffing Industry Dissertation

Headhunters in Personnel Staffing Industry - Dissertation Example Some businesses may require few replacements, and thus the cost of entering into such agreements is high when the commission charges are low. Further, signing written agreements to recruit workers with certain qualities comes as a contractual obligation that must be fulfilled. However, there are instances where headhunters may not find the ideal candidates, which puts their competitiveness at risk or risk legal action from employers. Employers also benefit from â€Å"gentlemen’s agreements†. There are instances where headhunters save businesses in dire need of employees. In these situations, the employers need urgent solutions that are easily found through â€Å"gentlemen’s agreements†. Designing and signing of a legal contract would be time wasting for both parties. In normal practice, headhunters may lure employees from competitors. Such actions cannot be easily put in legal terms. Thus, requiring headhunters to sign a written contract is detrimental to the personnel staffing industry.   An agreement between headhunters and businesses should be treated as a legal contract. Headhunters and employers would then be in a binding agreement. In addition, headhunters should clearly outline their charges and the modalities of their operations. Recruiting agencies are crucial in an enabling the meeting of employers and prospecting employees. For example, in the case, Cantell, et al. V. Hill Holliday Connors Cosmopulos, Inc., the recruiter enabled Hill Holiday to meet Nancy Lehrer, whom it employed later. Though there was no signed agreement, headhunters enabled Hill Holiday to secure an employee; thus, they ought to pay a commission since it is the only way recruiters make money (Conklin 25). I believe that the agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant in the case could be strengthened by clear guidelines in regard to the operations of the recruiter. In such a case, an employer can know that it owes headhunters for any communicati on it makes with their referral. Thus, the industry can continue surviving with its current simplicity.

Passenger To Freighter Conversion Of Aircrafts Engineering Essay

Passenger To Freighter Conversion Of Aircrafts Engineering Essay The purpose of the report is to provide detailed description for future aerospace engineers on how and why a P2F (also known as PTF or Passenger-to-Freighter) conversion is carried out. 1.2. Background Ever since the new millennium started, P2F conversions on aircrafts have become more common in the civil aviation industry. Major civil aviation industry companies (Airbus, Boeing, etc.) started researching with designs on how to modify an airframe structure of their ageing passenger jets to cargo freighters. In conjunction with the current economic situation, civil aviation logistic companies are trying to find ways to cut down expenses on replacing older cargo freighter aircrafts- buying P2F converted aircrafts. Furthermore, P2F conversions extend lifespan of passenger jets, providing first-hand quality P2F cargo aircrafts at second-hand cargo freighter prices. Since there is an increase in demand in the cargo freighter industry more companies will look at P2F conversions .Mainly because it is more economical for the company and they can gain the same amount of revenue at the same time. 1.3. Methodology The information was gathered from a few websites through the internet, books and magazine references .The content was retrieved from websites like http://www.eads.com , books like, magazines like. 1.4. Scope The Focused areas are mainly about the structural differences between a freighter aircraft and a passenger aircraft. In addition, the report will include structure of freighter planes. In addition, it will include the pros and cons of P2F and how the conversion is carried out. Lastly, this report includes the technical effects to the aircraft structure. 2. P2F Conversion Procedures There are various types of P2F conversion procedures. The various procedures are basically created by primary manufacturers (Boeing and Airbus) and assorted conversion companies (EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company) and SIAEC (Singapore International Airlines Engineering Company)).As a result , there are many different procedures for a P2F conversion to be complete. The following procedures will be according to the 4-month conversion of the Airbus A310 wide-bodied airliner into the Airbus A310-200F by Elbe Flugzeugwerke (EFW).In the following few paragraphs I will discuss about the different procedures carried out during a P2F conversion procedure. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.1. Preparation before conversion The airplanes paintwork is scraped off. Thereafter, a fraction of the passenger cabin is taken out. The aircraft is then jacked into a neutral stress point for 4 weeks for the modification of the airframe. With the plane partially empty it is jacked up into a neutral stress point for 4 weeks for the adjustment of the aeroplanes body. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.2. Plug windows Now that the aircraft does not carry any more passengers, windows in the aircraft are useless. The windows previously used for passengers to look out of the aircraft are now plugged (covered up). As u can see in the image below, there are no more windows in a freighter aircraft because it saves time on maintenance and for safety reasons. Therefore the windows are plugged.(Marcel van Leeuwen, 2006, Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter Arrives in Seattle [online]. Civilian aviation news. Available from: http://www.aviationnews.eu/2006/09/17/boeing- 747-large-cargo-freighter-arrives-in-seattle/) Figure 2.6: Plugging of Windows (Airbus Freighter Conversion, 2010) 2.3. Removal of unwanted material Anything in the aircraft that is not needed anymore is removed from the aircraft. Passenger- related facilities and structure (like seats and carpet flooring) is take out of the as it does not come in handy for a cargo freighter. This is to make room for the installation of the new freighter equipment. With the removal of redundant material it creates space for the cargo. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.4. Fitting of cargo door The front-end of the fuselage section is opened up in 2 stages for the installation of the cargo door. The upper frame shell is held at its position and is secured by riveting the frame to the fuselage. The old lower frame shell section is substituted with a new lower frame shell that is lowered into the prepared cut-out location and incorporated strongly to the airframe. The frames forward and aft of the cut-out are entirely replaced by reinforced frames. After the installation of the frames, electric components and hydraulic systems are added for the cargo door to operate with ease. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace- technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) Figure 2.1 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Cargo door of Boeing 747-200BDSF http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/6/34576.wmv, 2002 2.5. Installation of new flooring The normal flooring on a passenger aircraft cannot be used. Hence, the flooring on a passenger plane has to be removed and reinforced with a higher strength floor to resist heavy cargo loads. To move the cargo in the aircraft easily, ball mats and roller tracks are installed onto the cargo flooring. With the new flooring the aircraft can carry more load and be tough at the same time and move the cargo within the aircraft easily.(SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from:http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) Figure 2.2-cargo loading system of airbus http://www.eads.com/eads/int/en.html 2.6. Final checks after conversion Once the body of the aircraft has been converted and all thatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s left to do is to do a final check on the whole aircraft. Firstly, the aircraft avionics is adjusted before tests are carried out. Thereafter, the customer inspects the flight to make sure everything is in working condition. However, before the aircraft is handed over to the customer the documentation for the conversion is finalised. With all these procedures done, the P2F conversion is complete. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 3. P2F conversionà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s cost impact 3.1 Replacement of ageing Freighters by P2Fs. Since the current condition for the economy is not at a very healthy condition, many aero- logistic companies would scout around for second hand cargo freighters. However, second-hand freighters have now reduced in numbers so drastically that most of them will stop flying within a few years. Hence, P2F conversions will help solve the problem of ageing cargo freighters in the near future. In 2009, airbus presented their 20-year forecast of their future freighter fleet. In their statistics shown in Fig3.1, Airbus emphasised on P2F conversions as the way to go to solve the problem of freighter insufficiency Therefore, by 2028 more than half the freighters around the world will be P2F converted. This is because P2F conversion requires low cost, shorter time and less material than manufacturing a freighter from scratch, making it a cost effective solution. (J. Leahy, L. Rouaud, 2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm ?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= .) Figure3.1: graph of PTF in demand (Airbus 2009) http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= 3.2. Demand of P2F aircrafts P2F conversion will take the freighter industry to a whole different level. In addition, the wider range of freighter types from P2F conversion will create a new generation of small jet freighters (e.g. Airbus A320 P2F).Besides that ,majority of Airbus freighter demand will be aided with P2F conversion as 96% of freighters in 2028 will be P2F aircrafts. This shows that the future of the P2F conversion industry will have a bright future. (J. Leahy, L. Rouaud,2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page=.) figure3.2: graph on small jet freighters (Airbus 2009) http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= 4. Benefits and limitations of P2F conversion Despite its many advantages such as its ability to save money time, material and manpower needed. Alongside, it helps extend an aircrafts life and replaces ageing freighters in the market. However, its disadvantages include acceptable use of market price as well as availability of aircraft. The next few paragraphs will explain and elaborate more on the benefits and limitations of P2F conversion. 4.1 Benefits 4.1.1 Saves cost Companies around the world who are looking to purchase freighter cargo aircraft would most likely try to save up on anything they can save on. One of the benefits of P2F conversions is that it helps companies save money. A P2F converted aircraft costs nearly one third of a freighter aircraft made from scratch. Since ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s just part of the aircraft that is reconstructed, it will help save cost on the amount of material used. When there is less work to be done, less manpower is needed. Hence; they can save cost by employing fewer engineers to work. Therefore, P2F conversions help save money for companies. (According to Phillip Securities Research (2005), initiating coverage Singapore) 4.1.2 Extends aircraft life A P2F conversion helps extend an aircrafts life span as well. When an aircraft is almost reaching its age of retirement it can either be scrapped or reborn again. In this case the aircraft is sent to companies that deal with conversions. The old structure is replaced with new structure in order for it to fly safely. Therefore, P2F conversions help extend the lifespan of an aircraft.(EADS media centre, Rising (like a phoenix [online], available from: http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500HYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noHYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=nowidth=1024HYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noHYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de /iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noattrs=scrolling%3Dno) (SIA engineering company websiteprovides information on what P2F conversion is) 4.2 Limitations 4.2.1 Acceptable used market price P2F conversions serve as a form of investment for airline companies. If the cost of the conversion is more than the proposed price to sell the aircraft, the owner selling the P2F converted aircraft will incur a loss. In addition, different models of aircraft go through different kinds of conversion processes. Hence, the standard of quality and the workmanship to set prices for the P2F aircrafts vary widely, which might lead to underpriced P2F planes. (Hamilton, http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007) 4.2.2 Airframe availability In order to perform a P2F conversion, there must be available airframes. The airframe needs to be from an airworthy passenger jet which is not in service anymore. If not, it would make no sense just to make an aircraft and convert it. Therefore, the number of used jets there are out there is limited to availability. (Hamilton, http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007) 5. Conclusion The P2F conversion procedure may seem simple to digest. However, it is much more sophisticated compared to the other areas in the aeronautical market. Regardless, the freighter market is shinning their spotlight on P2F conversions to give old passenger aircrafts a second chance to fly again as freighters. In addition, P2F aircrafts are able to perform almost as well as new freighters made from scratch. No matter how advanced P2F conversion gets, there are limits for the acceptable used market price. Otherwise, the conversion will result in heavy loss financially. 6. Recommendations P2F conversion is a very profitable market to invest in. Companies dealing with P2F can take one more step by making use of more advanced technology when they are converting aircrafts. It can help save cost by using less material and maybe even with efficiency. Therefore P2F conversions can take one more step ahead by doing more research in this industry as there will be a rise in demand for freighter aircrafts in the future. III. References SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/ [Accessed 16 august 2010] Marcel van Leeuwen, 2006, Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter Arrives in Seattle [online]. Civilian aviation news. Available from: http://www.aviationnews.eu/2006/09/17/boeing-747-large-cargo-freighter-arrives-in-seattle/, [Accessed 16 august 2010] J. Leahy, L. Rouaud,2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= .[Accessed 16 august 2010] like a phoenix [online], available from: http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s-35848193/mediacenter.html .[Accessed 16 august 2010] SIA engineering company websiteprovides information on what P2F conversion is. [Accessed 16 august 2010] Hamilton,http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007 [Accessed 16 august 2010]

The Effects Of Stress, Alcohol Outcome Expectancies, Gender, Coping St :: essays research papers

The Effects of Stress, Alcohol Outcome Expectancies, Gender, Coping Styles, and Family Alcoholism on Alcohol Consumption Abstract One large component of American popular culture today is alcohol. A common stereotype for the effects of alcohol is that as a drug it acts as a stress antagonist. This theory was introduced by Conger (1956) as the Tension Reduction Hypothesis (TRW). It states that alcohol's sedative action on the central nervous system serves to reduce tension, and because tension reduction is reinforcing, people drink to escape it (Marlatt & Rehsenow, 1980). Why do we drink, when do we drink, and how much do we drink? This research will determine the correlation between total weekly consumption of alcohol and perceived stress, alcohol outcome expectancies, gender, coping styles, and family history of alcoholism among undergraduate students. Do people drink more or less when stressed? Do alcohol outcome expectancies lead to higher or lower consumption? Is a history of family alcoholism positively or negatively correlated to personal consumption? Do the tested variables play mediating or moderating roles in stress-related drinking? This research will determine the answers to these questions, and determine the strength of the correlations, if any. Introduction The main question that this statistical model will answer is as follows: Is there any correlation between drinking and gender, alcohol expectancies, family alcoholism, stress, and coping styles? Gender It has been demonstrated that significant differences exist between the drinking patterns of men and women (Hilton, 1988). In a survey of US drinking habits conducted in 1988 by the US National Center for Health Statistics, Dawson and Archer (1992) showed that there are three areas illustrating gender differences. The first is the actual number of male and female drinkers. The study showed that 64% of men versus 41% of women were current drinkers. Second, men were more likely to consume alcohol on a daily basis (17.5 grams of ethanol per day versus 8.9 grams for women). Third, men were more likely to be classified as heavy drinkers. In fact, when the classification measure of a "heavy drinker" was changed from five drinks or more per day to nine drinks or more per day the ration of male to female heavy drinkers increased by a factor of 3. Stress Are the theories mentioned above about stress-induced drinking accurate? There have been studies which disprove the Tension Reduction Hypothesis. For instance, in a study by Conway, Vickers, Ward, and Rahe in 1981 it was found that "the consumption of alcohol among Navy officers during periods of high job demands was actually lower than the consumption during low-demand periods." Additionally, some drinkers have been known to consider alcohol as a tension