Schedule Work Essay Example for Free

Schedule Work EssayCarter Cleaning Centers does not have a formal wage structure nor does it have respect ranges or use compensable factors. Wage rates are based mostly on those prevailing in the surrounding community and are tampered with an seek on the part of Jack Carter to maintain some semblance of equity between what workers with different responsibilities in the stores are paid. Needless to say, carter does not make whatever formal surveys when determining what his company should pay. He peruses the want ads almost every day and conducts folksy surveys among his friends in the local chapter of the Laundry and Cleaning Trade association. magic spell Jack has taken a seat of the pants approach to paying employees, his salary schedule has been guided by several basic pay policies. go many of his colleagues adhere to a policy of paying absolutely minimum rates, Jack has always followed a policy of paying his employees about 10% preceding(prenominal) what he feels are the prevailing rates, a policy that he believes reduces turnover while fostering employee loyalty. Of some what more concern to Jennifer is her fathers informal policy of paying men about 20% more than women for same job. Her fathers explanation is, Theyre Stronger and can work harder for longer hours, and to a fault they all have families to support.The New Pay PlanThe New Pay Plan

Lucent technology supply chain summary Essay Example for Free

Lucent technology add up chain summary EssayLucent Technologies is a multinational telecom bon ton which was spun off from ATT in 1996. Before restructure, as an integrated telecommunications services and equipment company, ATT had been primarily U. S. -centric market and more than half of income was generated by services in U. S. However, the restructure made Lucent focused on communications equipment globularly. When Lucent expand into world(prenominal) market, its flagship overlap, the5ESS digital switch, was a market leader in worldwide telecommunication infrastructure equipment. While the 5ESS digital switch provided the companys more competitive edge in global market. This custom configured, engineered-to-order product made besides a portion of its assemblies could be built to stock. Moreover, 5ESS digital switch orders from Asian market had continued to grow rapidly, and Asia became an important part of Lucents business. U. S. -centric translate Model Before Lucen ts independence from ATT, it established some joint ventures in four Asian countries to meet the increasing telecommunication equipment occupy in Asian market.But this merchandising entry mode just provided access to these markets. Most manufacturing continued to be done in Oklahoma City. The Asian joint ventures only performed final assembly and testing. It was believed that Lucent would benefit from the cost saving from economies of scale in manufacturing in US. However, as tremendous demand yield and intense competition arose from these countries, the delivery costs and lead time became two critical issues in this industry. The long distance inhibited the instant response.Delay mode market losing. Whats more, increasing local content by having locally purchased parts would lower the costs and made product more locally attractive. Asian-centric lend Model After 1996, asset management, product lead time and supply chain efficiency became more and more important for this newfan gled independent manufacturing firm. The radical market changeed from U. S to Asian market required a redesign of the Asian supply chain. First of all, it took a hub-and spoke model. Taiwan was the hub of the Asian supply chain.Custom engineering and manufacturing of Asian orders would be manufactured in Taiwan rather than Oklahoma City, and Asian orders were placed with Taiwan rather than U. S. Low slew assemblies remained in U. S. Secondly, different supply modes (inshore or outsource) were decided by different product volumes. And then it used local components (direct procurement) and local suppliers (local procurement). Last but not least, it insisted a strict quality control. Products manufactured by Asian joint ventures had the same quality standards.There were excessively some barriers for the redesign of supply chain. For example, the new manufacturing center in Asian mean losing job in U. S. The transfer of production to joint venture may reduce Lucents profits. And als o the sales organization worried about the sales decreased because of losing Made in USA label. All of these barriers were addressed when the benefits of redesigning outweighed the costs. The redesign decreased the lead time, and guest satisfactions had improved a lot. Meanwhile, Taiwan joint venture reengineered its factory to improve the productivity.The increasing productivity and decreasing costs means the firm became more profitable. Also, musical accompaniment of Asian joint ventures helped Lucent win more business in Asia, and the huge capacity of Asian joint ventures can support Lucent global customer demand. So the all improvement by redesigning the supply chain made Lucent more competitive in global market. Summary and Recommendations contempt its success in the later 1990s, new challenges have arisen. How to response the changing demand in this complex business environment and how to expand its capacity in other emerging markets?The internet and IT tools caused fundame ntal changes in business models and traditional customer-supplier relationships. Contract manufacturing company in Asian provides new opportunity for the firm to outsourcing its manufacturing and logistics responsibility. In my view, outsourcing its assembly and component is a better way for Lucent to plow with new challenge. Because 5ESS digital switch was reaching its mature period in the product life bout, and the intensive competition and changing environment forced telecommunication industry to devoted more time to new product research and marketing strategy.In its initial stage, the core product is the key to success and the supply chain redesign facilitate its further success. But nowadays, the product life cycle is shortening and the industry is changing at ever-increasing rate. Lucent has to improve researching, marketing strategy and supply chain management at the same rate to cope with the changing market. In addition, Lucent can use merging and acquisition strategy to integrate available resources to expand its business. Questions for group As Lucent shift its main supply chain from U.S to Asian market, how to compete with domestic rivalry Cisco? As more and more local telecommunication company grew up, how to cope with fierce industry competition with local firms, and some multinational telecommunication firms now target at Asian market, how to compete with them in global market? Should Lucent insist its in-source strategy or use outsourcing for the future supply chain management? Because its flagship products had reached its mature period, is it necessary for Lucent to build a main RD center in the emerging market like Cisco did?

People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work Essay

People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work EssayNowadays, day fear, or treat home is one of centers of providing stimulation to participants with derangement and scheduling relief to phencyclidines. However, day care did little to resolve continuing care issues that resume upon the individual go home while it nominated tremendous relief during the hours of service. So, family phencyclidine hydrochlorides still provide extraordinary, uncompensated care, predominantly in the home setting (Lavretsky et al., 2010). Unfortunately, caregivers are often placed at great risk for negative outcomes that to a fault compromise the well- creation of the patients with alienation and heighten their risk for placement in institutional settings. As a result, caregiver contends are overlooked in most clinical and service settings, which may exacerbate the issue of care of passel with dementia.Challenges of family caregivers1. Biological perspectivesCaregivers of tribe with dementia must m anage their loved-ones activities of daily living, much(prenominal) as dressing, toileting, and eating. Physically, caregivers are faced with demands involving assistance with daily activities and increased daytime dysfunction compared to non-caregiving controls (McKibbin et al., 2005). Besides, sleep disturbances have evil effects on family caregivers health, which is also documented as being predictive of heightened risks, including cardiovascular indisposition (Rose et al., 2008). At the same time, fatigue may contribute to the depletion of caregivers senseing to institutionalize their demented spo character (Vitaliano et al., 2003).2. Psychological perspectivesThe filtrate of caregiving in dementia has been highlighted in numerous studies, often described as an on-going stress work on (Schulz Martire, 2004). At the beginning, loved one has been diagnosed with dementia, leaving many with a sense of dread, uncertainty, fear, and shame (Gorina et al., 2006). Moreover, in on e study, caregivers expressed their concerns about a lack of knowledge on the cause of illness, on the treatments available for their relative, and on the types of serve available and how to access those services (Wong et al., 2003). In addition, they feel frustration when having difficulty managing drug compliance and aesculapian follow-ups, positive symptoms, such as bizarre behaviors, excessive and uncontrollable feelings, and negative symptoms of their relatives with mental illness, such as idling at home and lying in bed all the time (Wong, 2000). Later, grief might occur in response to loss of personal freedom, worry about the future, changes in roles and role conflict, and disruptions in functioning (Holly Mast, 2009). Compared with Western culture, the sense of familial responsibility among Chinese caregivers in Hong Kong exacerbates the stress of caregiving in dementia (Wong, 2000).Social perspectivesSocial costs are being borne by caregivers with relatives suffering f rom chronic mental illness (Lowder et al., 2005). Many studies have found that family members, particularly the caregivers, experience an increase in family conflicts, limited friendship and complaisant life, financial difficulty, change in daily routines (Wong et al., 2002 Schulz Martire, 2004 Wong, 2006).Moreover, Hong Kong caregivers scored signifi great dealtly higher in genial costs than the Australian caregivers (Wong et al., 2002).Considering the challenges of family caregivers above, the purpose of this article is to explore the potentiality of living to caregivers of people with dementia in Hong Kong, in consideration of the well-being of the patients, especially of themselves.Current situation in Hong KongServices provided in Hong KongIn Hong Kong the service provided for caregivers of dementia people is holistic. Social upbeat Department has hotline services as well as family services centers to offer counseling, have, and referral services to carers. And the carers support cernter in it and in Caritas Hong Kong also provide support services for those who need to take care of the elderly at home. Scope of service in such kind of centers are mianly skill-training and educational programs, self- patron and mutual support groups, resouce corner, couseling and referral services, information giving, demonstration of rehabilitation-aid equipment and well-disposed recreational activities (GovHK, 2006).Although there are holistic interposition programs for the caregiver of dementia person in Hong Kong, we find that those programs maily focus on how to better care for the dementia people. After analyzing the challenges faced by family caregivers above, it is necessary to put emphasis on the carers as well. Secondly, pr take downtion programs or services for carers of people with dementia which is diagnosed at the first stage are mentioned little. However, the prevention is important for carers as they may know the difficulties early and have the ment al preparation for all the practicable challenges in narrate to provide better service for patients or supportive strength for themselves. Thirdly, the majority of intervention programs shoot at primary caregivers. Nevertheless, according to the systemic family perspective (Yan, 2003), family is ecological. Although the primary caregiver is responsible for the daily care of the dementia elder, all family members will experience stresses. In order to establish a new equilibrium of family dynamics, roles and relationships, power and boundary restructuring are needed to be adjusted to the changing situation. Therefore, family as a system to be considered when an intervention plan is adopted is necessary and helpful to maintain a harmony and consolidate environment.2. Policies supportedPrior to World War 2, no community-based psychiatrical service was available for people with mental illness in Hong Kong. These individuals were put into asylums run by charitable organizations, such as Tung Wah services (Yip, 1998). During mid-sixties and 1970s, very(prenominal) few community-based facilities, such as half-way houses and sheltered workshops for mentally ill persons were established (Wong, 2006). In 1982, the incident that an acutely psychotic person went into kindergarten, injured, and even killed a number of children created a scare in the community. As a consequence, the Hong Kong government took more responsibility in financing social and vocational rehabilitation services. In the early 1990s, psychiatric inpatient and community rehabilitation services have undergone many changes (Wong, 2006).However, there are several limitation of the mental health care system and policies. First of all is lack of direction and coordination of service. Whereas various political, social, and cultural conditions may have shaped the development and setting of contrasting priorities in different countries, the Hong Kong SAR government still has not established an overall men tal health policy to guide the development of mental health services in Hong Kong, even though various mental health acts have been legally endorsed in such countries as the United States, and Canada. Secondly, delivery of mental health services is inadequate. In Hong Kong, the dominant service delivery mode is still largely office-based, with a nine-to-five working schedule. Very few services operated on the weekends and after office hours. Therefore, when caregivers need professional help, their relative with chronic mental illness who is passive to treatment may not be able to receive timely interventions. Thirdly, there is a lack of community rehabilitation services. Currently, four government subsidized resource centers are available, but three of these four centers have been funded by the Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong only since October 2003. Moreover, lack of use of informal care is also a limitation. In Hong Kong, only several government-subsidized relative resource centers exist along with a few self-help groups with small memberships. The mental health care system has not fully utilized the resources available from these informal and networks (Wong, 2006). Finally, resources are lack for caregivers of people with dementia. At present, most of the resources in mental health care have been put into services for people with serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, and very few resources have been devoted to establishing services for caregivers of people with mental illness, especially with dementia, within the misunderstanding of dementia as a normal phenomenon among the elderly. Moreover, some social workers may not have the clinical knowledge and skills in mental health to perform psychiatric assessment and counseling for caregivers and their relative with illness.Strategies on how to do prevention and interventionWhen to intervene?According to Rabins (1994), prevention tail end be categorized into three types primary prevention, in wh ich a disorder is prevented from occurring secondary prevention, in which an intervention is provided early when the disorder is identified and tertiary prevention, in which morbidity occurs, but long-term consequences of disorder are diminished after appropriate intervention (Rabins, 1994).A primary-prevention strategy would aim at families at risk and most current caregiver-intervention studies are secondary- prevention studies. They focus on individuals who have sought help from an organization. Identifying individuals who are at great risk of developing impairment due to social, financial, physical, intrapersonal, or interpersonal resources limit early in the course of caregiving could improve the use of existing services and prevent them from exacerbating more serious problems. Tertiary prevention, that is to minimize the morbidity of individuals who have clearly developed undesirable outcomes because of caregiving (Rabins, 1994).Based on the three phases, different interventio ns are used. Prevention programs base be applied to the family members with elderly people who might become possible patients or the caregivers of dementia people who have been diagnosed at an early stage. Public education programs about dementias arouse be useful to those families with elderly people. Also, people need to be encouraged to choke with dementia patients or their caregivers to understand the possible challenges they may meet which also can be a way to support the existent caregivers. Besides, psycho-education group is other good way to help caregivers which offers support, knowledge and skills training. For the intervention plans, they are mostly applied to the carers who have already faced the difficulties and felt challenged for themselves as well as the patients during the fondness. They may encounter the problems from biological and psychological perspectives. Moreover, they face the challenges of lacking family support as well as social support which make them feel suffering. As a result, the following part will introduce the intervention plan for carers of dementia elderly.Different aspects to intervenea. Biological aspectIt can be harmful for family members to continue sympathize with for their relatives when they are under bad healthy situation, so it is necessary for family caregivers to recharge their energy by taking a break from caring for their relatives. They should be encouraged and helped to establish more fulfilling and interesting social lives or they can choose a relaxer such as aerobics, massage, watching movies with friends (Stehman, Strachan, Glenner, Glenner, Neubauer, 1996). Moreover, some skills such as Body scan (Stehman, et al., 1996) can calm the caregiver down when he or she feels stressful or has tight tension. Regular body enquiry is necessary for the carers as well.b. Psychological aspectsAccording to psychological problems of caregivers, the most serious points are distress, low self-efficacy which can lea d to depression and petulance during the caring process (Gallagher-Thompson, 1994). When counseling with the carers, listening is valuable to them as they always need someone to listen to their feelings and experience which is a way of release (Marshall Tibbs, 2006). Moreover, using psycho-educational intervention programs can be helpful in which two programs were developed. One is Increasing Life Satisfaction, the one that focused on handling depression by increasing the relative frequency of engagement in pleasant activities, and the other one is Coping with Frustration which aims at anger-management skills and reducing the frequency as well as intensity of anger feelings (Gallagher-Thompson, 1994). Both of the two programs are developed from cognitive-behavioral perspective. And the duration can be last 10 sessions at three-month intervals between every three sessions.Secondly, other caregiver training programs which provide support to advance positive emotion are always need ed. The training shares two major goals to improve caregivers ability to cope with the stress of caregiving and to empower caregivers by developing problem-solving strategies (Kaplan, 1996). The ability of solving problems when caring often relates to the cognitive status and will influence the stress level. Another pivotal aim is to increase the self-efficacy of carers. Since self-efficacy of caregivers relates to their physical and mental health and high level of depression may lead to low self-efficacy and more burden to caregivers, it is particularly significant to enhance the self-efficacy of caregivers (Fortinsky, Kulldorff, Kleppinger, Kenyon-Pesce, 2009).In a word, efficient intervention to help caregivers improve their problem-solving skills and thus enhance self-efficacy and reduce the stress as well as negative emotion such as guilty or anger is important when considering the psychological aspect.c. Family supportAs mentioned before, balanced family dynamics and support from other members are attain to both the patient and the caregiver. Intervention programs that attempt to help the family members develop proper attitudes toward their relatives, acquire basic information on the day-to-day management of their relatives, improve dialogue skills are found to be useful. Indeed, it is necessary for the worker to see family members as partners and resources in the care of people with dementia disease.Family therapy (Marshall Tibbs, 2006) is traditionally practised in nonadaptive families and usually it is useful when families are under stress. Viewing dementia as a family problem rather than a problem for a single person, or the person and the carer, can be very constructive. In the family system, normally there are some subsytems such as siblings relationship, parent-child relationship, and marital relationship. And when one of the members have demetia problem, conflict or argument arises under the stressful environment. Under this circumstances, be tter intercourse and intimate relationship help to cope with the crisis (Quinn Herndon, 1986). The family had a clear but limber boundary, which allowed other systems come in to provide assistance. The family members were also flexible in adjusting different roles and positioning in the family to achieve stability. So having family counseling, and involve all the possible members to discuss and share with each other is important. Under the agreement, the members can support each other and the burden or emotional problem can be eased.d. Social supportCaregiver support groups throughout the community to help people better cope with complex issues is necessary like the groups provided by Alzheimers biotic community Care (Caregiver Support Groups, 2010). Besides, it concludes one special service called 24-hour crisis line to provide crisis intervention. Such kind of intervention is quite useful because it will stabilize and orchestrate emergency resources and advocate for the patie nt and caregiver. Moreover, it ensures the patient to achieve the optimum level of functioning, enabling the patient to remain in the least restrictive setting.Educational support group is an intervention used by the majority of the programs. The objectives are to help caregivers develop knowledge about dementia and the process of caring for someone with the disease to assist caregivers to learn about the resources and services available to them and to support them in their experience of caregiving and in their need for self-care. Small groups of less than fifteen people can be offered to deepen and personalize the knowledge gained through the seminars. Caregivers feel more at ease to raise their concerns and questions. Moreover, workers can have the time to address concerns and issues selected from them. intensify Home and community services (EHCCS) program provided by Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong and Carer support Group organized by Hong Kong Alzheimers Disease joining offer such kind of platform for carers. Caregivers can get professional resources and emotional support from the sharing of experienced carers. Besides, respite care (Lawton, 1994) allows caregiver to be temporarily relieved of the responsibility for care. It qualifes as a broad generalized intervention because it supplies the wherewithal of time for the caregiver to do whatever he or she wishes-a ture unrestricted intervention. Moreover, case management services provided by community help caregivers to negotiate the social services or health care system. Through this way, multiple professionals can be gethered to support and meet the needs of caregivers and patients.At last, social workers also can help through home visiting and offering couseling. During the helping process, communication skills and techniques such as nomalization, attending and miracle questions are needed to encourage caregivers to share and express their negative emotions and thus to assess the caregivers pro blem and help. When doing the couseling, music and art therapy can be an opportunity for carers to enjoy and improve the quality of life.3. Suggestion for policiesFirst of all, the provision of psychiatric care involves such different departments as health care, social services, education, and vocational training, and involves different professionals such as psychiatrists, occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers. Different operation units have their own sets of criteria and procedures for accepting service user. It is easy to appreciate the difficulties and amazement family members face when accessing the mental health care system. Therefore, a systemic, comprehensive health care policy should be established, which provide the family caregivers with information on the various services available and secure the services for his or her relative.Secondly, since a large number of mentally ill individuals live with their family, and some these family members have taken up the caring roles, the government has the responsibility to provide resources and funding to support these family members. In essence, if family members can adequately perform their caring roles, it may reduce the chance of their relatives relapse and so fewer hospitalizations will occur.Finally, in order to increase the familys functioning of caring the dementia people in Hong Kong, the government needs to administer more resources to agencies that provide individual and group counseling for caregivers of people suffering from serious and mild psychiatric illness.Conclusion

Objectives And The Functional Requirements Of Cladding System Construction Essay

Objectives And The Functional Requirements Of Cladding System Construction EssayThere be more or less elementary objectives of the cladding administration. These objectives are the reasons for the invention and adoption of cladding remains due to our increasing structure technology and demands of clients. There are almost showcases of clients, both(prenominal) are emphasize more on esthetical value, some are emphasize more on functional value, some are emphasize on time of erection and even some are emphasize on construction cost. So, the primary objectives of cladding musical arrangement crowd out be concluded as belowSupply of enclosure to the structure with the function of essential protection against the natural elements much(prenominal) as wind, come defeat, storm and and so forthInvention and adoption of dry out construction method which is more advanced such as off- point prefabrication, off-site manufacturing and etc.Minimize the additional dead load onto the frame.Improve the aesthetic value of the structure or the architectural concept.Control internal environment.Thus, in govern to accomplish these elementary objectives of cladding system, the cladding system must carry through these functional requirementsStrength and StabilityIt should have sufficient strength to support its own weight between the heightens of support or fixings to the structure.It must take into account adequate stability against lateral wind pressure.It is essential to allow the differential walk outment in hearty amplification and densification between the cladding system, the morphological frame and the adjacent building elements.Exclusion of Wind and RainGenerally, the method is to construct unfluctuating cladding systems with an outer leaf as a rain screen and inner leaf of light weight block for insulation.In order to accommodate movement and resist weather deterioration, the material that used to impression joints and claddings must be resilient enough.Durability and Freedom of MaintenanceThe frequency and extent of work necessary to maintain minimum functional requirements acceptable fashion must be minimized to save cost.There are some problems and requirements of maintenance of several(prenominal)(prenominal) types of material. These are some examples. For masonry, a little maintenance is require only. Glass requires frequent cleaning and renewal of seal. similarly that, sheet materials such as bronze, aluminium and stainless steel will be oxidized advantageously and faded faster as compare to masonry and glass.Control of Internal TemperaturesAs we know, the solar is gained through glass panel. Thus, we must control the proportion of glazed to solid areas. to a fault that, thermal control burn down also be achieved by some methods. For example, deep recessed window used in conjunction with orthogonal vertical fins and used of non-transparent external louvres. By the way, used of special solar control glass is en couraged also.Thermal PropertiesAdditional insulation need to be provided by lining of the cladding materials.It must achieve the U-values that lay down in the building regulationsIt must avoid the problems that would arise from cold bridging and from emerge and interstitial condensation.The problem of air leakage should be minimized.Environmental and Sustainability IssuesIt is defined as how much the cladding system can contri preciselye to the overall energy expertness of the building.Environmental friendliness of cladding materials also plays a really important role in these issues.Fire RequirementsDue to the proximity of different buildings and the use rank of the building, fire resistance may be required.In order to restrict the fire from spread over the internal and external surfaces and inwardly voids, the lining material that used for insulation is made up of non-combustible materials.Sound InsulationThe resilient pad is used to prevent sound originating deep down th e structure to be transferred vertically through the cladding members.Airborne sound originating from external source can be prevented by utilizing double glazing panel to window area.Aesthetic IssuesThe context within which the building is situated will determine the level of aesthetic of that building.Necessary to satisfy the aesthetic aspiration of the clients.General Function of the BuildingThere are some functions of building that need to be stated and established such as day lighting and natural ventilation requirements, degree of privacy required, victimisation of pleasant views or exclusion of undesirable views and etc.A CLIENT REQUIRES A ROAD THAT REQUIRES LITTLE MAINTENANCE WITH REASONABLE NON-SKID PROPERTIES. WITH THE AID OF DIAGRAMME, SUGGEST A TYPE OF ROAD AND THE CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY FOR THE PROPOSED ROAD.The highway that I will proposed which meets the demand of client is rigid pavement. Rigid pavement is made up of cover itinerary slab. These are some functio ns of pavement. Pavement provides a flat surface that rents the journey comfort. Pavement helps to transfer and distribute the transportation load onto the ground evenly. Besides that, pavement protects ground surface against weather effects such rain and wind. These are the characteristics of rigid pavement.CharacteristicsRigid pavementSubsidence damageConsiderable with expansion jointsInitial costHigh and require low skill labourMaintenanceLowAppearanceGlare from sunNon skid propertiesReasonable apology to wearGood if the quality of concrete is controlledEase of reinstatementCostly, difficult, require curing timeWeaknessThe requirement of relatively frequently spaced temperature expansion and contraction joints, which also provides a less comfortable surface for riding.Construction MethodologyThe construction methodology of rigid pavement can be classified into several procedures which are placement, screeding, consolidation, finishing, curing and joints.PlacementTruck or truck a ttachment is used to place the formed concrete directly to the desired position. Otherwise, placement tool is used for more accurate and even placement. Once the precast concrete has been unloaded from the truck, it tends to become less homogenous.Figure 1 Figure 2ScreedingDuring this bidding, the wasted part of the roughly placed precast concrete is cut off to the desired elevation of slab. Generally, this is done by pull a straightedge crossways the slab at the required elevation.ConsolidationIn this process, the pertly placed precast concrete is making to form a more uniform and compact mass. This can be done by eliminating unwanted air voids and causing it to move around potential obstruction such as reinforcement bar. Generally, consolidation is done by using vibrators which are formed by long and slender vibration rods. Vibrators can be drive by rotating an eccentric weight which causes the building block vibrator to move back and forth. Vibrators are used to excite pa rticles within precast concrete mass. This will cause the particles attach each other closer and better unravel around obstructions. Proper consolidation is very important to the performance of rigid pavement. It must possess adequate vibrations to enhance the durability. Too much or too little vibration will dismay the performance of rigid pavement. Vibrator static head also influences the efficiency.Figure 3FinishingIn this process, the task is to occasion the final surface finish and texture of fresh precast concrete. In general, finishing can be categorized into 2 types which are floating and texturing. In floating, a flat surface is run across the precast concrete in number of times and may involve many different tools. This process is used to remove high spots, low spots and imperfections, embed larger aggregate particles beneath the surface and to prepare the surface of mortar for texturing with compaction. After floating, fresh precast concrete is quite smooth. A rough pa ttern is usually formed by dragging a broom, rough-textured item, or tinted instrument across the surface to enhance the non-skip property of rigid pavement. In general, texturing can be divided into 2 types which are Microtexture and Macrotexture. Microtexture is more common than Macrotexture. Microtexture is accomplished by dragging a section of burlap or artificial turf behind the paver.CuringThe task of this process refers to the maintenance of adequate moisture and temperature within a precast concrete mass as it sets and hardens in order to develop the desired properties of strength, durability and tautness. Curing can be done by 2 different methods which are water curing and sealed curing. Water curing is method that prevents moisture loss and supply additional water to precast concrete surface. This method is labour intensive and generally not practices in rigid pavement anymore. Sealed method is method that prevents moisture loss but do not supply any additional water. Thi s can be done by putting a waterproof covering over a slab such as plastic or using a liquid membrane-forming chemical compound.Figure 4 (Finishing) Figure 5 (Curing)JointsThere are many types of joints used in rigid pavement. The basics of transverse contraction joint construction should include joint location, saw cutting timing, saw cutting abstrusity and joint sealing. Joint locations are necessary to indicate on the construction plans and should be planned in advance. The timing of contraction joint sawing is determined by 2 main factors which are shrinkage cracking and precast concrete support strength and joint raveling. In the side of saw cutting depth, transverse contraction joints are usually cut to a depth of 1/4 to 1/3 of the total slab depth in order to turn over sure cracking only occurs at the joints. After the previous procedure has been done, it requires to be sealed to slash the water and incompressible material entry.Figure 6 (Joint Layout) Figure 7 (Shrinkag e Crack) Figure 8 (Sawcut Depth)DESCRIBE THE PERFORMANCE AND SPECIFY THE MATERIAL THAT CAN BE USED TO FILL THE VOID OF DISUSED STRUCTURES, EG CULVERTS, unembellished SEWERS, CELLARS AND BASEMENTS AND ALSO FOR SOIL STRUCTURAL STABILIZATION, EG BRIDGE ABUTMENTS, TUNNEL STABILIZATION AND EMBANKMENTS.In our construction technology, there are many materials that can be used and performed very well in construction process such as concrete, plastic, stone, ceramic and timber. All of these materials possess advantages and disadvantages. In this question, the material that will be chosen is air concrete.There are a lot of reasons why I choose this material, air concrete. Aerated concrete is a highly workable and low density material which incorporating entrained air up to 50 percents. In general, it has the characteristics of self-levelling, self-compacting and may be pumped. Besides that, the risk of plastic shrinkage or settlement cracking of aerated concrete is significantly lower as c ompared to normal concrete. This foamed concrete is ideal for filling up the redundant or unnecessary voids such as old fuel tanks, sewer systems, pipelines and culverts. Other than that, aerated concrete also has a good thermal insulation property.The aerated concrete can be in full utilized in several applications such asUnwanted voidsPipelinesService ducts and shafts noseband arches or subwaysDisused structuresCulvertsRedundant sewersCellars and basementsHigher structural stabilizationBridge abutmentsTunnel stabilizationenbankmentsInsulating fillLow density insulating sub-screedInsulating fill to house over-sitesBy the way, there are several highlighted final concrete performances of aerated concrete that can said to be the advantages of this kind of concrete. Aerated concrete contains high entrained air content. With this property, the aerated concrete is able to resist the damage that formed from debar and thaw. Besides that, entrained air can acts as a good thermal and acou stic insulator. The aerated concrete has good cohesion ability. It can form a stable foam structure that reduces settlement and reduces bleeding and segregation. Other than that, aerated concrete possess controlled density and strength. For example, low strength of concrete enables the removal for accompanying vex to services and maintenance. The range of densities and strengths available depends on the types of foamed concrete. Structure that formed by aerated concrete is very stable. It can generally be surfaced aft(prenominal) 24 hours.Besides that, other materials can be combined together and included in the mix. Combination of different materials depends on the applications and requirements. There are some combinations such as polypropylene fiber, fibersteel, quarry fines, vermiculite, flyash and volcanic ash. Autoclaved aerated concrete is one common type of aerated concrete. It is a material like timber but without the disadvantages of combustibility, decay and termite da mage. The initial cost of autoclaved aerated concrete is very high but it can be compensated by lower cost of labour, finish, maintenance, and energy. In terms of manufacturing issue, construction issue and etc, it is a good ecological choice. The autoclaved aerated concrete is very versatile because the mixture proportions can be modify to setup different insulation values and compressive strength. Due to the reason of autoclaved aerated concrete is light in weight and workable, thus it can reduce the construction time, waste and energy by faster speed of construction.BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE ACTIVITES INVOLVED IN EXTERNAL WORKS AT THE START OF THE CONTRACT.In general, external works is defined as the construction works that done externally from the main building. The external works can be divided into several main parts which are drainpipe requirements, temporary constructions, public utilities, special industries services, minor external buildings, security and lighting. In construct ion industry, most of the activities are spanned within the entire project period but some of the external works are involved at the start of the contract. These external works are drainpipe main runs, access arrangement, storage facilities, car parks, hard areas for plants and machineries for construction of foundation and service mains to building entry.Firstly, drainage will be explained in detail. Drainage can be divided into 2 main types which are surface drainage and sub-surface drainage. Surface drainage is defined as the removal and disposal of water from the surface of a pavement. Sub-surface drainage is the type of drainage that uses the underground pipes and other fittings to direct the flow of water from where it is not wanted to some other places. Sub-surface drainage world power include land drainage. Land drainage can be defined as removing and disposing of surplus groundwater gardens, fields and other plots of open land.Surface drainage system often refers as channe ls that direct the surface water to a drainage outlet. These channels are made up of stone or precast concrete. This system usually discharges all the relatively clean water into a local watercourse such as ditch, stream or river. This system can reduce the demand on the effluent treatment plant. The relatively clean water usually consists of water from the roof and the paving. The channels are slope down towards the public footpath and highway. After that, the water will be directed into gullies or running(a) drain which will flow to the storm water sewers later.In surface drainage system, the gully and access point is function to collect and discharge the collected water into local watercourse. Generally, there are three types of gully and access point used to perform this function. They are individual trapped gully, continuous grating over precast channels and combined kerb and drainage system.In the aspect of individual trapped gully, there are many types of gully that have bee n used. P-trap and hopper is commonly used with rainwater pick-ups rather than use in large areas drainage of paving. Yard gully also know as a bottle gully, compact gully or an universal gully. Other than that, road gully is much larger than P-trap and yard gully but they work in the same way. The specifications of road gully are it has a fixed 150mm diameter outlet but come in a variety of diameters and depths. For example, road gully the used within the carriage ways is commonly used to drain an area less than 250m2.In the aspect of continuous grating over precast channels, it can be various sizes, from 50mm deep units for roof drainage to 250mm deep for motorway drains. These channels can made up of various materials such as polymer concrete, wet-press concrete, HDPE and stainless steel. In a specific application, the type of channels used will depends on the end use of the drain. There are twain main types which are built-in fall units and regular depth units. Built-in fall un its are channels that maintain a fixed depth along their whole length and compulsory laid to a fall. It is suitable to use in large drainage for flat areas such as car parks, freight yards, airports and etc. The regular depth units are suitable to use in short length drainage which has a natural gradient. Lastly, the combined kerb and drainage system have 2 main functions. It can acts as road isolator. Besides that, it is also a discharge point of collected surface water.Generally, sub-surface drainage system deals with foul water such as kitchen waste, toilet or soil and vent pipes, bath or shower or bidet and any industrial process. Besides that, this system can deals with both foul water and surface water such as rain water pick-ups, yard or road gullies and linear drains. Sub-surface drainage system consists of underground pipe line, manhole or inspection put up and culvert. In underground pipe line, various materials can be used to make pipes such as vitrified clay, uPVC, conc rete, ductile and cast iron (CI), glassfibre reinforced plastics (GRP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), pitch fibre and asbestos.In general, there are 3 main types of pipes which are socketed clayware, plain-end clay and plastic 100/150mm. There are 2 main types of jointing of pipes. Plain ended pipes are a type of pipes that have identical ends. They can be joined by means of a coupling. Other than that, socketed pipes have identifiable male and female ends. The method of laid must be in the way of female end pointing upstream.Next, access bedrooms are commonly not more than 600mm deep which provides an easy access for cursory inspection and access of maintenance equipments. Inspection chamber possess the same function as the access chamber but inspection chamber is larger than access chamber with a minimum 450mm diameter. Besides that, inspection chamber tend to have more branches or spurs feeding into them. Normally, the inspection chamber can be up to 1000mm deep. Manhole is the largest chamber that provides the same function. Manhole can be any depth with the minimum internal dimension of 600x900mm. There are two main types of manhole which are brick manhole and precast concrete manhole. After that, culvert can be defined as a structure which provides a waterway or other opening under a road. In general, the type of pipe culvert chosen should be class Z spun reinforced concrete with spun concrete collars or rap and socket type.At the start of the contract, there are some external works that need to be done in order to proceed to start the construction works. The external works that need to be done 1st is to prepare and provide hard access to all parts of the site, hard storage for materials, site facilities and car parks. Generally, in order to reduce the cost of temporary road and access, the contractor will lay the base course of the future permanent road as the temporary road and access. There is a way to keep the site temporary road dry for the co nvenience of construction works which is move the drainage system as soon as possible. Public utilities services are very important to a building. Thus, all the public utilities need to be planned carefully before any major structures are built. Any constructions of service mains and ducts should be constructed concurrently with the foundation construction works in order to make the entire construction works faster and avoid any inconveniences.

Development Of Modern Capitalism History Essay

Development Of Modern Capitalism History Essayweber viewed that the protestant ethic spawned encouraged the intention of capitalist economy. He was it to a greater extent than simply a free-enterprise(prenominal) activity. According to him it was the essence which underlies the stinting system. During the sixteenth century, this spirit embodied in the societies of the Europe provided the impetus for capitalism to emerge as the dominant sparing system of the world.He saw capitalism more than simply an assembling of wealth. It had its roots in moderateness. He insisted that the capitalism was the triumph of rationality over tradition .Explicit in his views of capitalism was a disciplined labour force and the regularized investment of capital. He asserted that this combination took place only in Europe most strongly in protestant nations such as England, Holland GermanyTo specify the distinctive characteristics of modernistic capitalism in the protestant ethic, weber root of in all separation off capitalisticic enterprise from the pursuit of benefit such as.The desire for wealth has existed desire in most times nations in itself nonhing to do with capitalistic action, which involves a regular orientation to the achievement of profit by dint of sparing exchange. Capitalism thus defined in the mercantilist trading operations for instance has existed in various forms of society in Babylon Ancient Egypt, China, India Europe. But only in the wolfram capitalistic activity become associated with the rational nerve of formally free labour. By rational organisation of free labour inwardness its routinized calculated administration with in continuously functioning enterprises.A rationalised capitalistic enterprise implies two things-a disciplined labour force the regulated investment of capital. Each contrasts profoundly with traditional types of economic activity. It is associated with an outlook of very specific kind-the regular accumulation o f wealth for its own sake, sooner than for the material rewards than it can serve to bring. Man is dominated by the making of m unrivalledy, by acquisition as the crowning(prenominal) purpose of his look. Economic acquisition is no longer subordinate to man as the substance of stratification of his material needs. This according to weber was the essence of the spirit of modern capitalism.The notion of calling accords to weber did not existed either in Antiquity or in Catholic theology it was introduced by the Reformation. It refers basically to the psyche that the highest form of righteous obligation of the individual is to fulfil his duty in worldly affairs. This project religious behaviour into the day-day world stands in contrast to the Catholic ideal of the monastic life, whose object is to transcend the demands of mundane existence.Moreover,the moral responsibility of the Protestant was cumulative i.e. the cycle of sin, repentance forgiveness, renewed throughout the life of the universality was absent in Protestantism.The idea of calling was already present in Luthers philosophical system but it became more rigorously authentic in the various sects Calvinism, Methodism, dissimulation and Baptism .The weber was mostly concentrated on the Calvinism. Calvinism was the faith over which the great political cultural struggles of the sixteenth seventeenth centuries were fought in the most highly developed countries, the Netherland, England France. The four tenets of Calvinism were (a) God is all powerful and transcendent. One can never reach or understand God. (b)Doctrine of pre-destination God has already preselected who will be get and who shall be condemned. (c)Disworldly Asceticism Do worldly things but in a balanced manner. Accumulated wealth but not to spend luxuriously. In event re-invest. (d)The notion of calling that all people have a calling. And to pursue this calling means doing God will. It views grace as irresistible, has a rigid b elief of predestination, and originally had a theocratic view of the state. Calvinist doctrines look on Gods will as sovereign, and church should not be subject to the state (although it did not frown on a church dominated society). The doctrine of predestination was of utmost important, stressing the absolute sovereignty of Gods will, held that only those whom God specifically elects ar saved, that this preference is irresistible, and that man can do nothing to effect this redemption. Weber noted that Calvins interest was solely in God, and people existed only for the sake of God. Only a few are chosen and the rest are damned. Human merit or guilt plays no role in whether or not one is elect. This doctrine produced unprecedented inner loneliness of the single individual. (Protestant, p. 104). The individual Calvinists connection with God was carried on in deep spiritual isolation. (Protestant, p. 107) e.g. Pilgrim in Pilgrims Progress. Weber viewed this as pessimistically disill usioned type of individualism rather than the spirit of enlightenment.No one could save the individual, no priest, not the Church, no sacraments. This, the complete elimination of salvation through the Church and the sacraments was what formed the absolutely decisive difference from Catholicism. (Protestant, p. 105). Weber regards this as the logical conclusion of the elimination of magic, that is, a rational development in religion. For Calvin, people are on earth only to glorify God. The duty of the Christian was to show Gods eminence in a calling. This meant doing ones daily tasks, and this often means fulfilling the job in a rational presidential marge.The elected Christian is in the world only to increase this glory of God by fulfilling His commandments to the best of his ability. genial love is expressed in the first place in the fulfilment of the daily tasks given. This makes labour in the service of impersonal social usefulness come on to promote the glory of God an d hence to be willed by him. (Protestant, pp. 108-9).The Calvinist Christian was concerned with the question of whether he or she was one of the elect. Since this caused suffering on the part of the individual, two forms of pastoral advice were given. See quote 12 on predestination. First, it was an absolute duty to consider oneself chosen, and to combat all doubts as temptations of the devil, since lack of self-assertion is the result of insufficient faith, hence of im consummate(a) grace. a duty to attain certainty of ones own election and justification in the daily struggle of life. (Protestant, p. 111). Second, in order to attain that self-confidence intense worldly activity is recommended as the most suitable means. It and it alone disperses religious doubts and gives the certainty of grace. (Protestant, p. 112). This contrasts with Lutheranism, w hereby God promises grace to those who religion in God.Faith was thus identified with the type of Christian conduct which glorifi es God. Works were not a means of purchasing salvation, but of getting absolve of the fear of damnation. In practice this means that God helps those who help themselves. (Protestant, p. 115). But this is not done through occasional good works, or a gradational accumulation of points toward salvation, but rather in a systematic self-control which at every moment stands before the inexorable alternative, chosen or damned. (Protestant, p. 115). This means that the Christian must have a life of good works there is no room for the very human Catholic cycle of sin, repentance, atonement, release. Of the elements in Calvinism that which seeks special attention was the doctrine of predestination-that only some human existences are chosen to be saved from damnation, the choice organism pre seed by god. In its extreme inhumanity, he comments this doctrine must above all have had one consequence for the life of a generation which surrendered to its magnificent consistencya feeling of unprec edent loneliness. From this torment, weber holds that the capitalistic spirit was born .He talked about the two developments at the pastoral level-it became obligatory to regard oneself as chosen, lack of certainty being indicative of insufficient faith the performance of good works in worldly activity became accepted as the medium whereby such surety could be demonstrated. Success in a calling eventually came to be regarded as a sign never a means of being one of the elect. The accumulation of wealth was morally sanctioned in so far as it was combined with a sober, industrious career wealth was condemned only if employed to put up a life of idle luxury or self-indulgence.Calvinism supplied the moral energy drive of the capitalistic entrepreneur.weber speaks of its doctrine as having an iron consistency in the bare(a) discipline which it demands of its adherent. The elements of ascetic self-control in worldly affairs was certainly there in the other puritan sects but they lack the dynamism of calvanism.Their touch on was mainly upon the formation of moral outlook enhancing labour discipline with n the lower middle levels of capitalistic economic organisation. Such as the virtues favoured by cant were those of the faithful official, clerk, labourer or domestic worker.The protestant ethic acc. To weber traces only one side of the casual chain i.e.-the connection of the spirit of modern economic life with the rational ethics of ascetic puritanism. He specifies a number of fundamental socio-economic factors institutional bases which played major role distinguished the European experience that of India china. These included (a)The separation of productive enterprise from the household which, prior to the development of industrial capitalism was much more advanced in the west (b) the development of the Western city, with a trading structure independent of the surrounding rural areas(c) Western law, including the separation of corporate and personal proper ty (iv) the nation state, with a bureaucracy that could take care of necessary state activities an organized territory under unified control of a single ruler or government, so that there was a unified framework within which commerce and capitalism could develop (v) double entry book-keeping, allowing business to keep track of all items and determine a balance allowing rational calculation of all the inflows and outflows, leading to an analysis of where the profit or loss occurs, and what is the source of profit (vi) the rational capitalistic organization of (formally) free labour.A lot of critique has been laid on the webers work said that webers characterisation of Protestantism was faulty. The major critique directed to webers treatment of the reformation, his interpretation of the puritan sects in general the Calvinism particularly. (a)It has been held that weber mistakenly supposed that Luther introduced the concept of calling which differ from anything previously available in scriptural exegesis that Calvinistic ethics were anti-capitalistic rather than sanctioning the accumulation of wealth (b) Weber misinterpreted catholic doctrine. Critics have pointed out that weber apparently did not study Catholicism in any detail, although he talked about the difference surrounded by the Catholicism Protestantism in respect of economically relevant values. It has been held that post-medieval Catholicism involves elements positively favourable to the capitalist spirit that the Reformation was seen as a reaction against the latter rather than as a clearing ground for its subsequent emergence (c) The connectivity between puritanism modern capitalism was based upon unacceptable empirical materials. Fischer Rachfahl has echoed about this in several forms.Weber only study the numerical analysis of the economic studies of Catholics Protestants in baden,1895.They argued that webers source was mainly Anglo-Saxon claimed that research into economic development i n the Rhineland, the Netherland Switzerland, in the sixteenth seventeenth centuries didnt reveal any close association between Calvinism capitalistic enterprise.One of the criticisms of Weber is that he interpret what Franklin was saying. In their article, In Search of the Spirit of Capitalism Webers Misinterpretation of Franklin, Tony Dickson and Hugh McLachlan disagree with Weber that Franklin was talking about an ethic in the selection quoted above. Far from demonstrating a commitment to the spirit of capitalism and the accumulation of wealth as an end in itself and moral duty, Franklins literary works is in fact evidence against the existence of such a spirit. Dickson and McLachlan point out that the title of the work from which Weber quoted is Necessary Hints to Those That Would Be Rich. They assert, This suggests that what Franklin is offering is prudential advice, rather than insisting on a moral imperative. The gist of Dicksons and McLachlans argument is that Weber misi nterpreted Franklins writings as moral ends when they were simply virtues to be practiced because of the benefits they will bring to those who practice them. They deny that Franklin was preaching a Protestant work ethic and assert that all Franklin was saying was that if a person is interested in being successful in life and commerce, here are some virtues to follow.Dickson and McLachlan conclude with a clear statement of their criticism of Webers hypothesisIt seems clear that Weber misinterpreted Franklin and that the latter was not imbued with the ethos which Weber attributes to him. It is not in dispute that a methodological lifestyle is conducive to the accumulation of wealth. What is at issue concerning Webers Protestant Ethic thesis is the impetus for such a lifestyle. Webers misapprehension of Franklin does not in itself invalidate his methodology or his Protestant Ethic thesis. Nonetheless, it does suggest a rather cavalier attitude towards evidence, particularly as the wri tings of Franklin are the only evidence that he presents in his original essays to demonstrate the existence of the spirit of capitalism.H. M. Robertson, in A Criticism of Max Weber and His work asserted that the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches stressed the same precepts in the 16th and 17th centuries. He states that Webers assertion that the concept of the calling was story to Luther and Protestantism was not established in Webers writings. He supported his thesis by quoting Aquinas There seems to be no essential difference between the doctrine of the Catholics and the Puritans on the point of the calling.Amintore Fanfani, an economic historian, shared Robertson criticism of Weber but from a different aspect. In his article Catholicism, Protestantism, and Capitalism, Fanfani disagrees with Weber concerning the role that Protestantism played in the development of a capitalist spirit in Europe. In the first paragraph, he states his argument. . . that Europe was ac quainted with capitalism before the Protestant revolt. For at least century capitalism had been an ever growing collective force. Not only isolated individuals, but whole social groups, inspired with the new spirit, struggled with a society that was not yet permeated with it. Once we have ruled out that Protestantism could have produced a phenomenon that already existed, it still remains for us to enquire whether capitalism was encouraged or opposed by Protestantism.Fanfani argued that it was not the Protestant Ethic which encouraged the growth of capitalism but the fact was that many Protestants were forced to throw Catholic countries to escape persecution which fosters in the emigrants an internationalism that is no small element in capitalist mentality. He further says that many early Protestant leaders opposed capitalism, including Luther and Calvin Luthers conservatism in economic matters, to which his patriarchal ideas on trade and his decided aversion to interest bear witnes s. Even Calvin . . . condemns as unlawful all gain obtained at a neighbours expense, and the amassing of wealth. The Huguenots and Dutch Reformers also preached against various aspects of capitalism . . . through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a continual repetition of the prohibitions of usury were issued by the synods of the Huguenots and by those of the Dutch Reformers, whose ethical code also condemned even excessive labour, as robbing time and energy from the service of God, and held action born of desire for gain to be a sign of madness.Fanfani agrees with Weber that capitalism flourished after the Reformation, but he parts rooms with Weber as to the causes. Fanfani argues that capitalism as we pick out it today was born in the Italian merchant states under the religious umbrella of Catholicism, but he discounts the effect that religion of any kind had on the growth of capitalism as the major world economic system. He concludes his article by stating, The creation o f a new mentality in the economic field cannot therefore be considered as the work of Protestantism, or rather of any one religion, but it is a manifestation of that general revolution of cerebration that characterizes the period of the Renaissance and the Reformation, by which in art, philosophy, morals, and economy, the individual emancipates . . . himself from the bonds imposed on him during the Middle Ages.Malcolm H. MacKinnon, bases his disagreements with Weber on the idea that Weber misinterpreted what the Calvinists were saying about the concept of the calling and good works. He states early on in his article,There are two fundamental theological flaws in Webers line of indicateing, flaws that mean that Calvinism did not give a divine stamp of approval to earthly toil (1) There is no crisis of proof in the Westminster Confession of Faith, the dogmatic culmination of seventeenth-century Calvinism upon which Weber so heavily relies, and (2) in Christianity generally and Calvi nism in particular, works have nothing to do with mundane activities. As soteriologically conceived in relation to salvation, works are spiritual activities that call for obedience to the Law. MacKinnon goes on to beg off that Webers major failure is his misunderstanding of the Calvinist meaning of the calling. Using the Westminster Confession as his primary source, MacKinnon explains what the term calling meant to the Calvinists There is a celestial calling and an earthly calling or callings, the latter disqualified from making a positive contribution to our deliver ance. . . Above all else, the devout must ensure that their mundane callings in no way impede the prosecution of the greatest good of all their heavenly calling. Believers are sanctioned to shoot that employment or calling in which you may be most serviceable to God. Choose not that in which you may be most honorable in the world but that which you may do most good and best escape sinning.MacKinnon concludes by stat ing that it was Webers misfortune to choose part of the Calvinist philosophy which, upon close examination, not only fails to support Webers thesis but in fact undermines it. Again, the significant point here is that blase obligations are at best indifferent and at worst sinful they cannot make a contribution to the realization of celestial paradise. It is a grim jazz of irony that Weber would choose such a spiritually worthless vehicle to realize his causal ambitions.R. H. Tawney, Webers most famous critic, agreed with Weber that capitalism and Protestantism were connected. However, Tawney saw the connection going in the opposite direction from that which Weber postulated. Tawney, in his 1926 work, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, states that Protestantism adopted the risk-taking, profit-making ethic of capitalism, not the other way around. Tawney claims, with some good measureThere was plenty of capitalist spirit in fifteenth century Venice and Florence, or in south Germany and Flanders, for the simple reason that these areas were the greatest commercial and financial centers of the age. The development of capitalism in Holland and England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were due, not to the fact that they were Protestant powers but to large economic movements, in particular the Discoveries and the results which flowed from them.The strongest connection that Tawney saw between capitalism and Protestantism was rationality. Protestantism was a revolt against traditionalism and as such advocated rationality as an approach to life and business. Tawney proposed that the rationality inherent in capitalism became a tenet of Protestantism because rationality was diametrically opposed to the traditionalism of Catholicism. Early Protestant leaders recognized that weighed down work and rational organization of time were capitalist virtues which fit very nicely into the concept of living ones life in the service of God. Tawney saw the capitalist concep ts of division of labor and planned accumulation as being reflected in the dogma of Protestantism which urged its followers to use ones calling on earth for the greater glory of God. According to Tawney, capitalist precepts and Protestant dogma fit hand in glove.As an historian, Tawney did not see a linear relationship between capitalism and Protestantism. He thought that Webers thesis a little too simplistic to explain historical events. History tends to be non-linear, and attempts to draw straight casual lines between events are shaky at best. As Tawney put it, The Protestant ethic, with its insistence on hard work, thrift, etc., had contributed to the rise of capitalism, but at the same time Protestantism itself was being influenced by an increasingly capitalistic society.The last critic I will cite in this paper is an economic historian, Jacob Viner, who used pre- 18th century Scotland as a case study to demonstrate that where Calvinism was a state religion, it tended to have a restraining rather than a freeing effect on economic development. He quotes a letter from John Keats in support of his thesis . . . the ecclesiastical supervision of the life of the individual, which, as it was practised in the Calvinistic State Churches almost amounted to an inquisition, talent even retard that liberation of individual powers which was conditioned by the rational ascetic pursuit of salvation, and in some cases actually did so.Viner points out that until well into the eighteenth century, Scotland was a desperately poor country. Contemporary commentators often remarked on the lack of economic initiative and ambition and on the general lack of enterprise and economic discipline of the population. Several of these reporters attributed Scotlands economic backwardness in large part to the deadening effect of Calvinist doctrine as forcibly applied by both Church and State. Viner quotes Henry T. Buckle who, in his 1857 treatise Introduction to the History of Civilization in England, wrote concerning the economic teachings of Scottish Calvinists in the seventeenth century as followsTo wish for more than was necessary to keep oneself alive was a sin as well as a folly and was a violation of the homage we owe to God. That it was contrary to His desire was moreover evident from the fact that He bestowed wealth liberally upon misers and covetous men a remarkable circumstance, which, in the picture of Scotch divines, proved that He was no lover of riches, otherwise He would not give them to such base and sordid persons. To be poor, dirty, and hungry, to pass through life in misery, and to leave it with fear, to be plagued with boils, and sores, and diseases of every kind, to be always sighing and groaning, . . . in a word sic, to suffer constant affliction, and to be tormented in all possible ways to undergo these things was deemed proof of good ness, just as the contrary was a proof of evil.The opposition of Scottish Calvinism to capitalism was so well known in Europe that some English commentators such as Roger LEstrange urged English businessmen to look at the record of the Scottish Presbyterians in interfering with commerce and industry for religious reasons before supporting Cromwells cause.In conclusion, the critics of Webers Protestantism/capitalism theory have reasonable and logical criticisms. As a historian, I find the Tawney non-linear argument to be very compelling. There is no doubt that capitalism in various forms existed in Europe prior to the Reformation. The Italian merchants and the Dutch clothiers operated under a rational economic system. Double-entry bookkeeping was invented in Italy and adopted by other merchants throughout Europe. I think it is obvious that several factors were at work in Europe during the long sixteenth century, which led to the growth and dominance of capitalism.All of this taken into consideration, Webers thesis still stands. His thesis is not perfect it has all the flaws pointed out by t he above critics. However, none of the critics I have read managed to destroy the basic premise by which Weber sought to explain the growth of capitalism. Something happened in the long sixteenth century which saw an explosion of capitalist economic activity, free thought, and religious rebellion. Whether the relationship among these is causal or coincidental will be grounds for conjecture for years to come. History shows us that in fact those nations which were predominantly Protestant showed economic growth much greater than those which were predominantly Catholic. Even Jacob Viners argument that the repressive nature of Scottish Calvinism does not damage Weber, since he acknowledged that once a religion becomes a prick of the state it then tends to oppress people rather than free them.

Dorothy Day- Short Biography :: essays research papers fc

Dorothy Day (1897-1980)Born in Brooklyn, New York on November 8th, 1897 Dorthy Day was a very influentialperson in the catholic economic lifestyle. Her father, John Day was out of work when she was little, which gave her empathy for other then, and later on in life because she also knows whatits like to be there. When she move to Chicago her life turned for the better, Her father became sports editor of a major Chicago newspaper. In 1914 she recieved a scholarship for the university of Illinois in Urbana. She wasent very social in school, keeping mostly to herself. Two years later she dropped out to move to new yourk and become a newspaper reporter. In 1917 she was arrested for protesting womens exclusion from the electorate outside the capitol and was throw into prison only to be released soon after. This was first of many arrests in Dorothys future.As a child Dorothy went to an Episcopical Church from time to time. She also attended St.Josephs in New York sometimes, but definatl ey not regularly.She was really interested in the catholic church and what it had to offer but she really didnt know much about it. She had a few catholic friends who she hung out with and stuff during college and afterwards. When she had a kid named Tamar, she decided to make her a catholic. She had Tamar baptised and then she herself was baptised, deciding to devote her life to solid things. She met Peter Maurin wheo was twenty years older and was an experienced forrmer catholic brother. They talked and listened, and Peter said Dorothy should start a paper to publish all her ideas and stuff. So she took his advice and went and bought a printing press and set it up in her kitchen. She charged a penny for a copy and called it The Catholic Worker. Everyone loved it, and after a darn homeles hoi polloi started to show up at the door. Because of the writings in the paper the wanted to stay with Dorothy and Peter and of course they let them stay. So many people came to stay they opene d up these houses all around the country to provide

Power and the Legal System Essay -- Law

Access to the law and legal constitution is the ability to shape it, both in its meaning andunderstanding. patch the factors that usually determine the power to shape law are not static, ingeneral, access to law has been held by specific groups of people the wealthy, males, whites,and religious authorities. In constructing the law, these specific groups have traditionally usedtheir power to reinforce their dominant position and impede the ability of powerless groups tofurther their interests. It is this position of advantage that allows the normal groups tomaintain a system of inequality fortified by the law that protects their prosperity while forcingthe disadvantaged to appeal to problematic methods to promote their well-being as a result oftheir lack of access.In his speech, Address to the Prisoners in Cook County Jail, Clarence Darrow defineslaw as a creation of the rich, who, because of their wealth, own and control most of the billetand institutions of society (Darrow 229). The access that comes with their wealth then grantsthem the power to construct the law in a way that sustains their elite position. For Darrow, as aconsequence of this system of power, the unprivileged individuals are forced to seek out other,often criminal means of living in order to survive. He explains this by stating, The more that istaken from the piteous by the rich, who have the chance to take it, the more poor people there arewho are compelled to resort to these means for a livelihood (227). By wielding their power, therich have been able to consistently thwart the ability of the poor to access legitimateopportunities, often leading them to participate in activities such as robbery and burglary in orderto ob... ... for the structure of inequality to be destroyed, access to the law and the ability to shape itmust be given to all.Works CitedMLA addressDarrow, Clarence. Address to the Prisoners in the Cook County Jail. Before the Law AnIntroduction to the legal Process. Ed . John J. Bonsignore., et. al. Boston HoughtonMifflin Company, 2006. pp. 225-232.Galanter, Marc. Why the Haves Come Out Ahead Speculations on the Limits of LegalChange. Before the Law An Introduction to the Legal Process. Ed. John J.Bonsignore., et. al. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. pp. 81-89.Kropoktin, Peter. Law and Authority. Before the Law An Introduction to the Legal Process.Ed. John J. Bonsignore., et. al. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. pp. 158-167.MacKinnon, Katherine. A scratch Against Rape. White Plaza, Stanford University. 16 Nov.1981.